Migraine without aura—commonly referred to as a “common migraine”—is the most prevalent form of migraine, accounting for approximately 75% of all cases. Unlike migraine with aura, this type lacks the early warning signs such as visual disturbances or sensory symptoms that some people experience before the onset of a headache.
Symptoms of migraine without aura can vary significantly between individuals and even between attacks in the same person. Key symptoms include:
While some may experience only a few of these symptoms, others may face several during an episode, which typically lasts between 4 to 72 hours.
Migraines without aura can range from moderately painful to severely disabling. In addition to causing significant disruptions in daily life, studies have shown that this type of migraine is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, though the risk is higher in those with migraines with aura.
The exact cause of migraines remains unclear, but modern research suggests they result from a combination of genetic, neurological, hormonal, and environmental factors.
Over half of all women with migraines experience attacks around their menstrual periods. These migraines typically occur in the days before, during, or just after menstruation. However, most individuals with menstrual migraines also experience them at other times during the month.
There is no definitive test for migraine without aura. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical history and symptoms, following criteria from the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). A diagnosis is made when a person has experienced at least five attacks with the following features:
Headache diaries and questionnaires like the POUND mnemonic or the ID Migraine tool can help healthcare providers confirm the diagnosis.
Though not diagnostic, imaging tests (e.g., MRI, CT scans) or blood tests may be performed to rule out other causes such as tumors, strokes, or neurological disorders.
Treatment for migraine without aura includes both acute (symptom relief) and preventive therapies.
Frequent use of acute medications can lead to medication-overuse headaches (rebound headaches). Always follow prescribed dosing guidelines.
Several FDA-cleared neuromodulation devices offer non-drug options for managing migraines:
These therapies are particularly useful for people who prefer to avoid medications or cannot tolerate them.
Effective migraine management goes beyond medication. Many people benefit from incorporating lifestyle adjustments into their daily routine.
Poor sleep is a common trigger. Helpful strategies include:
A food and activity diary can help track potential triggers. Common ones include:
Note: Caffeine helps some people relieve migraines, so its effects can be individual.
Stress is one of the most significant migraine triggers. Techniques that may help include:
Scientific studies have shown mindfulness-based stress reduction can significantly reduce migraine frequency, severity, and impact on quality of life.
Triggers may include:
Living with migraines without an aura can be challenging. Attacks may lead to missed work, disrupted social plans, and emotional stress. Building a support system is crucial.
Migraine without aura is a common and often disabling neurological condition that affects millions. While symptoms and severity vary, effective treatments—both pharmaceutical and non-drug—are available. A combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and supportive care can significantly reduce migraine frequency and improve quality of life.
If you suspect you have migraines, consult a healthcare provider to receive a proper diagnosis and begin an individualized treatment plan.
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